Which of the following is included in the substances controlled by the Universal Precautions approach?

The Universal Precautions approach is a set of guidelines designed to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases, particularly in healthcare settings. It emphasizes treating all human blood and certain body fluids as if they are infectious. This approach includes not only visible blood but also other fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid, as these may contain pathogens capable of causing disease.

By focusing on human blood and certain body fluids, the Universal Precautions framework aims to protect healthcare workers and patients from potential exposure to infectious agents, thereby significantly reducing the risk of transmission of various diseases, including bloodborne pathogens like HIV and Hepatitis.

In contrast, other options deal with substances or pathogens that are not part of the main focus of the Universal Precautions. For instance, while sweat and saliva can pose some risk under certain circumstances, the approach does not classify these as universally infectious fluids, as they are generally considered safe unless contaminated with blood. Airborne pathogens fall outside the scope of Universal Precautions, as they require different control measures, such as respiratory hygiene. Non-bloodborne pathogens also do not align with the specific focus of Universal Precautions, which is centered on blood and body fluids.

Thus, option B correctly captures the